With high casualty figures and the slow pace of Russia’s territorial gains, President Vladimir V. Putin could face years more of a grinding war of attrition in Ukraine.

Nearly 1 million Russian soldiers have been killed or injured in the country’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, according to a new study, a grisly measure of the human cost of Russian President’s Vladimir Putin’s unprovoked three-year assault on its neighbor.

A new Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) report, “Russia’s Battlefield Woes in Ukraine,” challenges the narrative of Russian dominance, suggesting Russia is performing poorly. -It projects Russian military casualties (killed and wounded) will reach nearly one million by summer 2025.