Many proteins and peptides affect the growth, identity, and function of eukaryotic cells. Very often their effects are highly pleiotropic, making exact boundaries and distinctions between proteins ...

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine. It belongs to the IL-1 superfamily and participates in innate and acquired immunity. Recent studies have implicated the IL-18 pathway ...

S. Akira, T. Hirano, T. Taga, T. Kishimoto, "Biology of multifunctional cytokines: IL 6 and related molecules (IL 1 and TNF)," FASEB Journal, 4:2860-67, 1990. Shizuo ...

SB-01 is a 7-amino acid synthetic peptide that binds to and antagonizes TGF-Beta activity. TGF-Beta is a pleiotropic cytokine expressed by almost every tissue and cell type, is stored in abundance in ...

Autoimmune diseases result from a complex interaction of immune system imbalances, marked by a breakdown in self-tolerance and sustained inflammation. At the core of this dysregulation are ...

Cytokines are secreted proteins critical for immune regulation, cell signaling, and tissue homeostasis. These cells are increasingly recognized as key tools in biomedical research, particularly in ...