Observational studies are inherently vulnerable to various types of bias due to the absence of randomization. Therefore, effectively controlling bias in these studies is essential to enhance the ...

Previously, we explored how propensity score matching (PSM) — a technique that matches (and sometimes discards) subjects on the basis of their propensity scores (PS) — can mitigate bias caused by ...

Patients with resected CCA undergoing curative surgery, with or without AC, were identified from three centers in Thailand. Patients with R2 resection and 30 days postoperative death were excluded.