We start this page with the hypothesis that the lexicon is initially underspecified: that some features may be NIL (not specified as either plus or minus). A NIL feature is represented either with no ...

Ordering words to create a variety of meanings (syntax) is a key aspect of human language. Although other animals have language, none so far have been shown to have syntax -- until now. Here, ...

However, when the call ordering is artificially reversed (D-ABC), birds do not respond. 'This study demonstrates that syntax is not unique to human language, but also evolved independently in birds.

Camilla Bardel, Ylva Falk, The role of the second language in third language acquisition: the case of Germanic syntax, Second Language Research, Vol. 23, No. 4 (October 2007), pp. 459-484 ...

The study of language semantics and syntax explores the intricate relationship between meaning and grammatical structure. Contemporary research has increasingly focused on how semantic content is ...