The presence of confounders helps explain why correlation does not imply causation, and why careful study design and analytical methods (such as randomization, statistical adjustment, or …

May 29, 2020 · Confounding variables (a.k.a. confounders or confounding factors) are a type of extraneous variable that are related to a study’s independent and dependent variables.

In this article we will examine definitions and language concerning “confounders” in both formal methodological work and in epidemiologic practice. We will reflect on how such language …

Confounders A confounder (or 'confounding factor') is something, other than the thing being studied, that could be causing the results seen in a study.

Confounders are variables—not the exposure and not the outcome—that affect the data in undesirable and unpredictable ways. Specifically, in data that are confounded, one will …

Jul 24, 2025 · Confounders represent a challenge in determining true cause-and-effect relationships. They can lead to mistaken conclusions, where one factor appears to influence …

Researchers don't necessarily tell you what confounders weren't considered, and what the possible impacts on their statistical associations would be. She feels that the findings would be …

Confounders can lead to spurious associations if they are not adequately controlled, which can misguide public health recommendations. Common examples of confounders include age, …

Feb 1, 2008 · A more practical method of controlling for many confounders at the same time is multivariate analysis. This method will be discussed in future papers in this series.

Mar 21, 2025 · Confounders can make it seem like an exposure is causing an outcome when, in fact, an unmeasured variable is responsible—or they can hide a real cause-and-effect …