For patients with more severe or end-stage kidney disease, dialysis, or the use of a dialyzer machine to filter the blood and remove toxins when kidney function is decreased, is often …

This page provides a comprehensive overview of the renal system, detailing the anatomy and functions of the kidneys, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. It explains glomerular …

The kidneys help maintain the acid–base balance by excreting hydrogen ions into the urine and reabsorbing bicarbonate from the urine.

The Bowman’s or renal capsule, located at one end of each nephron in the cortex of the kidney, is the blood-filtering region of the nephron. The renal pelvis contains a hilium —the concave site …

Kidneys and Nephrons Kidneys are the most complex and critical part of the urinary system. The primary function of the kidneys is to maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis) for …

Tubular secretion is the transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to the renal tubular lumen and occurs mainly by active transport and passive diffusion.

This page discusses kidney anatomy and physiology, detailing external and internal structures, blood supply, nephron function, renal innervation, filtration, electrolyte regulation, nitrogenous …

Specific hormones and paracrine agents help regulate renal function, blood pressure, and electrolyte balance. Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone Mechanism is a complex system that …

Key Terms renal artery: These arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. renal vein: The veins that drain …

To monitor a patient with impaired function, the most useful serial serum determination would be: creatine creatinine BUN Uric acid Total nonprotein nitrogen The end product of protein …